70% surge observed in PCOS cases in the last five years, warns expert

New Delhi: Over the past five years, there has been a 70% increase in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) cases, largely due to unhealthy lifestyle habits, according to Dr. Deepti Sharma, Senior Consultant at Amrita Hospital, Faridabad. 

“The rise in PCOS cases is closely linked to lifestyle changes, particularly increased sedentary behaviour and consumption of processed, high-calorie foods, leading to insulin resistance,” Dr. Sharma explained.

PCOS is a hormonal disorder that primarily affects women of reproductive age. It is characterized by cysts in the ovaries, irregular menstrual cycles, excessive hair growth, and acne. In India, PCOS has a significant prevalence, with an incidence rate of 26%. Insulin resistance, often seen in PCOS patients, plays a central role in exacerbating symptoms and increasing complications such as hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even certain cancers, including endometrial and breast cancer.

“Several ideas have been provided to explain the aetiology of PCOS. The function of insulin resistance (IR) which is independent of fat is significant. It is associated with hyperinsulinemia, which drives excessive ovarian androgen production. Insulin resistance is amplified by obesity. Inherent insulin resistance in PCOS is attributed to inappropriate reaction to insulin in metabolically active marginal tissues including adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Obese females with PCOS are more susceptible to insulin resistance, which might lead to abnormal glucose and lipid catabolism. Moreover, increasing insulin lowers the circulating amount of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and promotes free androgens, which constrains follicle formation resulting in irregular menses and impotence,” she added.

Dr. Sharma emphasized, “When detected early, lifestyle modifications such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight management can significantly reduce the risk of complications, improve fertility outcomes, and enhance overall quality of life.”

Treatment options range from lifestyle changes to medications such as Metformin, low-dose contraceptive pills, and anti-androgenic medications. In more severe cases, surgical interventions like laparoscopic ovarian drilling or fertility treatments like IVF could be considered.

To reduce the risk of insulin resistance and manage PCOS, dietary and fitness recommendations are essential. “A low-carb, high-fiber diet, regular exercise such as brisk walking or swimming, and yoga have proven effective in improving insulin sensitivity and hormonal balance. Additionally, avoiding processed foods, managing stress, and maintaining a healthy weight are key strategies for preventing and managing PCOS,” added Dr. Sharma.